Inkomoko ya M23 na FDLR
Imyaka ibaye hafi 12 hashinzwe umutwe wa M23 [Mouvement du 23 mars] ; uyu ni umutwe washingiwe mu burasirazuba bwa Kongo cyane cyane mu ntara ya Kivu y’amajyaruguru , uyu mutwe wa washinzwe ku ya 4 / Mata / 2012 ushinzwe ahanini n’abahoze mu mutwe wa CNDP wa Lorent Nkunda .
Umutwe wa M23 iri zina irikomora ku masezerano ishyaka CNDP ryasinye tariki 3 Werurwe mu mwaka wa 2009 ikayasinyana na leta ya Kongo yari iyobowe na Joseph Kabila .
Umutwe wa M23 ufatwa nk’ikimenyetso cy’ubwivumbure bw’abantu bafite inkomoko mu Rwanda gusa bisanze muri DRC nyuma yo gukatwa kw’imipika kw’abakoloni mu nama yabereye I Berlin mu Budage mu mwaka wo mu 1878 .
Aba bakomeje kumeneshwa mu gihe cy’ubwigenge kugeza magingo aya , bwa mbere aba bigumura byari 1964 ubwo Kongo harimo haba amatora gusa bakaza kwimwa uburenganzira bwo kuba batora cyangwa batorwa ndetse kubera iri hohoterwa bakorerwaga byatumye bafata icyemezo cyo kwirwanaho mu cyizwi nk’intambara ya Kanyarwanda .
Mu mpera zo mu mwaka wo mu 1980 , ibikorwa bihohotera abaturage ba Kongo bavuga ururimi rw’ikinyarwanda byarushijeho gukaza umurego ndetse binageza ku bwicanyi ndengakamere bakorewe kuva mu 1990 kugeza mu 1995 .
Ibi bikorwa byatumye byarushaho kwisuganya bagira uruhare mu ntambara ya FDLR yakuye ku butegetsi Perezida wariho witwa Mobutu Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa za Banga ndetse hashize umwaka umwe gusa Lorent Desire Kabila yatangiye kwikanga aba baturage bavugaga ikinyarwanda bitwaga ‘abarwandaphonie’dore ko n’imbere mu gihugu yashinzwaga kuba igikoresho cyabo .
Ibi byatumye atangiza politike zasaga nk’izibabangamira ndetse no gukorana bikomeye n’ingabo zahoze ar’iza X- FAR zagize uruhare rukomeye muri Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994 , Mu yandi magambo Desire Kabila yakusanyije abarenga ibihumbi 20 bahoze mu ngabo za Perezida Juvenal Habyarimana bafite umugambi wo gutera u Rwanda ndetse no kubangamira abanye Kongo bavuga ururimi rw’ikinyarwanda , ibi biri no mu mpamvu zibanze kandi z’ingenzi zateye u Rwanda kugaba intambara yiswe iya kabiri ya Kongo .
Ubuyobozi bwa Perezida Kabila bwatumye abahoze ari abasirikare ba FDLR basubira mu burasirazuba bwa Kongo barema undi mutwe wiswe ARC de Goma wari uyobowe na Azarias Ruberwa wahise ufata umujyi wa Goma rugikubita .
Ibi byatumye leta ya Kabila yemera kujya mu masezerano yagombaga gushyira iherezo ku ihohoterwa ryakorerwaga aba barwandaphonie ndetse binashyiraho agahigo ku kuba leta ya Kongo yari igiye kujya mu mishyikirano n’umutwe uharanira inyungu z’abanyarwanda nubwo aya masezerano atigeze ashyirwa mu bikorwa ari nabyo byatumwe muri 2004 havuka undi mutwe wari uzwi nka CND wari uyobowe na Lorent Nkunda , uyu mutwe nawe wari ufite intego zo kurengera aba bavuga ururimi rw’ikinyarwanda .
Aha ni naho muri 2009 , tariki ya 23 / Werurwe / 2009 hasinywe amasezerano ariko ibyaganiriweho ntibyigeze bishyirwa mu bikorwa kubera ko ihohoterwa rikorerwa abarwandaphonie ryakomeje kwiyongera ndetse kudashyirwa mu bikorwa by’aya masezerano biri mu byatumye muri 2012 havuka umutwe wa ‘ M23 ‘ nayo yaje ivuga ko ije kurengera uburenganzira bw’abakoresha ururimi rw’ikinyarwanda mu burasirazuba bwa DRC no guharanira ko ibyasinywe muri 2009 byubahirizwa .
Mu mpera za 2012 , umutwe wa M23 warwanye intambara ikomeye na FARDC ndetse ku ya 20 Ugushyingo yari yamaze kwigarurira umujyi wa Goma ufatwa nk’umurwa mukuru wa Kivu y’Amajyaruguru .
Kugeza iki gihe hari hagikomeje igitutu cy’amahanga hasabwa ko haba ibiganiro impande zombi zikumvikana igisubizo gishingiye ku mahoro nubwo hagati aho FARDC yahise yongera kwigarurira Goma gusa ntibyabujije ibiganiro gukomeza .
Ibi biganiro byasojwe muri Gicurasi mu 2013 ndetse hanemezwa ko M23 irambika intwaro hasi ndetse abarwanyi bayo bagashyirwa mu ngabo za Kongo ndetse abandi bagasubizwa mu buzima busanzwe nkaho ibyo bidahagije M23 igahinduka umutwe wa politiki usanzwe ndetse icyo gihe igice kimwe cya M23 nayo yasaga nk’iyacitsemo ibice cyahise gihungira mu Rwanda n’ikindi gihungira muri Uganda ubwo hari hategerejwe ko ibyo leta ya Kongo yemeye bishyirwa mu ngiro .
Guhera iki gihe habaye inama zitabarika zo gushyira mu bikorwa ibyo leta ya Kongo yemeje gusa nubundi igakomeza kubigendamo biguru ntege ndetse ibi bijyana n’ibyo ubuyobozi bw’uyu mutwe buhora butangaza ko bagirageje gukoresha ibishoboka byose kugirango bumvikane leta ya felix Tshisekedi ariko bakabigendamo gake ari nayo mpamvu y’iyi ntambara .
UBUSESENGUZI KU NTAMBARA
Inzobere zisanga kugarura amahoro muri Repubulika iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo ari ibintu bitoroshye na gato ahubwo ngo ni urugamba ruzafata imyaka myinshi kubera ko ikibazo cya Kongo cyacyemuwe nabi mu myaka ishize noneho ubu cyongeye kubyuka ndetse aba bahanga ntibatinya kwemeza ko izi mpande zombi ziri kurwana ziri guharanira inyungu z’abantu b’indobanure ubwabo aho guharanira inyungu za rubanda bavuga ko bari kurwanira .
Miliyoni nyinshi z’ubuzima bw’abaturage zimaze gutikirira muri iyi ntambara nta nubwo wayita intambara imwe ahubwo ushatse wazita intambara z’urudaca mu burasirazuba bwa DRC .
Iyi ni intambara isagaye yarahawe izina ry’intambara ihoraho , reka turebere hamwe impamvu zihishe inyuma y’iyi nyito :
Muri ubusesenguzi reka twifashize ibitekerezo by’umwanditsi akaba n’inzobere mu bibazo bya Kongo witwa DR. Jason Stearns we yashimangiye ko iyi ntambara mu burasirazuba bwa Kongo imaze imyaka isaga 30 izafata igihe kirekire kugirango amahoro yongere agaruke .
Iyi mpuguke yakoze imyaka irenga 10 muri iki gihugu yavuze ibi ibicishije mu gitabo twisunze yise ‘Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa’ . Muri iyi myaka 10 Dr. Jason akorera muri iki gihugu harimo n’imyaka itatu iki gihugu cyiri mu ntambara ya kabiri ya Kongo .
Agaruka ku ntambara yo muri Kongo iri mu kinyacumi cyayo cya gatatu yibazaga impamvu iyi ntambara igikomeje kugeza uyu munsi kandi hashize imyaka myinshi amahanga ayinjiyemo afite n’umugambi wo kuyirangiza burundu .
Dr. Steans yavuze ko impamvu iyi ntambara abona ko itazigera irangira bizwi nka ‘ Forever war’ ahanini bishingiye ku myivumbagatanyo y’amahanga kandi afite igitinyiro ku ruhando rw’isi yateje imidugararo muri rubanda rudahuje gakondo no guhanganira ubutegetsi kimwe n’ubukungu .
Amiliyoni menshi y’abantu yaburiye ubuzima muri iki cyago cy’intambara cyiri muri bikomeye byibasiye inyekomuntu byabaye mu gihe cya vuba aha .Uyu mwanditsi kandi mu kindi gitabo yanditse yise ‘ The War That Doesn’t Say Its Name ‘cyangwa se ugenerekeje mu Kinyarwanda bishatse gusobanura intambara itavuga izina ryayo ,we yakoze iperereza ku makimbirane ariho muri iki gihugu ndetse anongera kwibaza impamvu amasezerano y’amahoro yo mu mwaka wa 2003 yaherekejwe n’imbaraga z’umurengera za LONI ndetse akayabo k’ingabo zayo [ MONUSCO ] na amamiliyari y’amafaranga yari aziherekeje ariko byose bikarangira bipfuye ubusa bitabashije gushyira iherezo ku ntambara ndetse n’ubugizi bwa nabi muri Kongo .
Dr. Jason we anagaragaraza ko hatigeze hanitwa ku kababaro ka benshi ndetse anashimangira ko Repubukilika iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo yamaze kuba indiri y’intambara ndetse abanyapolitike benshi bamaze kugira indiri ndetse n’isoko y’amaramuko yaba kuri bo ndetse n’ibihugu byabo .
Iyi mpuguke kandi ikomeza igaragaza ko ibihugu by’amahanga bikomeza gutanga inkunga yo gufasha rubanda rugufi mu rwego rwo kugirango igihugu kitazibangana burundu ariko ngo kwivanga kw’aya mahanga niko kwahinduye kongo ukuzimu .
Ikindi atunga agatoki nk’impamvu y’umutekano muke muri iki gihugu ni ukuba DRC isa nkaho ivanze n’u Rwanda mu buryo bumwe cyangwa ubundi ibyo bikaba isoko y’amakimbirane ndetse n’imitwe yitwaje intwaro idasiba kuvuka umunsi ku munsi .Iki gihugu kiri mu mutima wa Afurika kikaba cyingana n’uburayi bw’uburengerazuba gikikijwe n’ibihugu icyenda guhera mu 1976 cyahindutse isibaniro ry’intambara .
Iyi inzobera iravuga ibi mu gihe umutwe wa M23 uri kuva mu bice mu bimwe wari warafashe cyangwa warigaruriye werekeza mu tundi duce kuva wakongera kubura imirwano n’ingabo za FARDC .
