Reka turebere hamwe bimwe mu bihe by’ingenzi byagiye biranga iyi tariki mu mateka :
2004: Abayobozi b’ibihugu ku Mugabane w’u Burayi bashyize umukono ku masezerano ya nyuma ashyiraho itegeko nshinga ry’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’Ibihugu by’u Burayi; aya masezerano yasinyiwe i Roma mu Butaliyani.
1957: David Ben Gourion wari Minisitiri w’Intebe wa Israel ari kumwe n’abandi baminisitiri batanu bo muri Guverinoma bakomerekejwe n’ibisasu bya gerenade byatewe mu nzu Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yakoreraragamo.
1956: Hatangiye ubushyamirane bushingiye ku bunigo (canal) bwa Suez. Iki gihe ingabo za Israel zigaruriye Sinai ndetse zirukana iza Misiri.
2004: Televiziyo y’Abarabu Al Jazeera yashyize ahagaragara amashusho yerekana Umuyobozi w’Umutwe w’Iterabwoba wa Al Qaida, Osama bin Laden, yiyemerera ko ari we wakoze igitero cy’ubwiyahuzi cyabaye tariki 11 Nzeri 2001 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.
1956: Hatangiye ubushyamirane bushingiye ku bunigo (canal) bwa Suez. Iki gihe ingabo za Israel zigaruriye Sinai ndetse zirukana iza Misiri.
1956: Hashyizwe umukono ku masezerano mpuzamahanga yatumye Umujyi wa Tanger usubizwa mu ibarirwa muri Maroc.
1923: Turikiya yabaye Repubulika; ibi byagezweho nyuma y’iseswa ry’Ubwami bwa Ottoman.
1983: Abantu barenga ibihumbi 500 bigabije imihanda mu myigaragambyo yo kwamagana intwaro za cruise missiles i La Haye mu Buholandi.
1922: Benito Mussolini yagizwe Minisitiri w’Intebe n’Umwami w’u Butaliyani Victor-Emmanuel III.
Mussolini azwi cyane mu mateka nk’umwe mu banyagitugu babayeho muri iyi Isi.
Uyu mutaliyani witwa Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini yavutse mu mwaka w’1883 avukira mu gace kitwa Dovia di Predappio, avuka ariwe mwana w’imfura mu bana batatu. Se umubyara yitwaga Alessandro.
Nyina yari Rosa akaba yarigishaga ijambo ry’Imana muri Kiliziya gaturika,akaba ari na we watangaga ibitunga umuryango, kuko umugabo we yamaraga igihe kinini mu bikorwa bya Politiki .
Mu mabyiruka ya Mussolini yakuranye amatwara ya Gisosiyalisite abikurikije se umubyara. Mu 1919 Mussolini yashinze ishyaka ryitwa Fascist ari naryo ryaje kumugira umunyagitugu .
Benito Mussolini yakuze akunda ubutegetsi cyane. Ubwo yari afite imyaka 39 yahiritse ku butegetsi umwami wategekaga Ubutaliyani.
Benito Mussolini mu bwana bwe yagaragaje ubuhanga bwinshi mu ishuri ariko nubwo yagiraga umurava yarangwaga n’ikinyabupfura gike, ku buryo yagiye yirukanwa ku bigo by’amashuli byinshi azira amacakubiri no guhangana n’abayobozi b’ishuri.
Mu 1902 Benito Mussolini yavuye mu ishuri yigiraga mu gihugu cy’Ubusuwisi kwiga amatwara ya Gisosiyalisite. Mu gihe cy’umwaka gusa Mussolini yari amaze kumenyekana cyane mu Busuwisi.
Icyakora mu 1904 Mussolini yaje kugaragara mu myigaragambyo ya Politiki yabaye mu Busiwisi bahita bamwirukana muri icyo gihugu asubira iwabo mu Butaliyani.
Ageze mu gihugu cye yakomeje gucengeza amatwara ya Gisosiyalisite mu baturage, naho ntibyamuhira kuko mu gihe gito yaje gufungwa.
Aho afunguriwe yaje kujya kuba umwanditsi mukuru w’ikinyamakuru Avanti(Bivuze gukomeza imbere).
Iki kinyamakuru kikaba cyaramufashije gukomeza kumenyekana no gukomeza kwamamaza amatwara ye.
Inyoni ya Kagoma nicyo cyari ikimenyetso cy’ishyaka rye rya Fascist
Mu 1915 Mussolini yirukanywe mu itangazamakuru ajya mu gisirikare ndetse akajya arwana mu ngabo z’imbere.
Bidatinze mbere y’uko araswa agakomereka bakamusezerera , yari yarahawe ipeti rya Caporali .
Intambara irangiye Mussolini yakomeje ibikorwa bya politiki , anenga guverinoma y’ubutariyani kugira intege nke.
Mu 1919 Mussolini ahita ashinga ishyaka ryitwa Fascist , iri shyaka rihita ritangaza ko ritavuga rumwe na Leta,avuga ko iryo shyaka rigiye kuzamura Ubutaliyani bukagera ku rwego rw’ubwami bw’abaromani bwa kera.
Bidatinze Mussolini yashinze umutwe w’ingabo wari uzwi ku izina ry’amashati y’umukara(Black Shirts) zari zishinzwe gutera ubwoba abanyapolitiki batavuga rumwe na we, ari nawo wafashije ishyaka rye gukomeza gukora.
Mu 1922 Ubutaliyani bwaguye mu mvururu za Politiki , Mussolini ahita avuga ko ari we wenyine ushobora kugarura umutuzo mu gihugu ahita anahabwa ubuyobozi.
Mu 1925 Mussolini yari amaze kwigira umunyagitugu , afata akazina ka “Il Duce” (Bivuze Umuyobozi) .
Ku ngoma ye Mussolini yahise atangiza gahunda yo kongera imirimo mu nzego za Leta agamije kugabanya ubushomeri bwari mu gihugu bituma akundwa cyane n’abaturage.
Mussolini ku butegetsi bwe yaranzwe n’ubushotoranyi mu bindi bihugu.
Mu 1935 Mussolini yavuze ko agiye kwerekana imbaraga z’ubutegetsi bwe ahita agaba igitero mu gihugu cya Etiyopiya, bitewe nuko Etiyopiya yari itaratera imbere mu bya gisirikare, ntibyatinze Mussolini aba arayigaruriye .
Mu 1939 Mussolini yagiye gutera inkunga igihugu cya Espagne mu ntambara y’abaturage yari muri icyo gihugu ,ariko abikora agamije gukomeza gucengeza amatwara y’ishyaka rye mu bindi bihugu.
Mu 1939 amaze kubona ibigwi by’ingabo za Mussolini , Umunyagitugu wumudage Adolf Hitler yahise agirana ubushuti na Benito Mussolini bahita basinya amasezerano y’ubufatanye mu bya gisirikare, amasezerano yiswe amasezerano y’icyuma(pact of Steel).
Abishishikarijwemo na Hitler, Mussolini na we yatangiye kwanga abayahudi babaga mu Butaliyani. Mu 1940 Ubutaliyani bwagabye igitero ku Bugereki baranabutsinda.
Akimara kwihuza na Hitler nibwo imperuka ye yatangiye kugenda igaragara, kuko Hitler yashutse Mussolini ajya mu ntambara ya kabiri y’isi, bagaba igitero ku bihugu nka Polonye, Ubwongereza n’Abafaransa.
Muri iyo ntambara Ubutaliyani bwagaragaje intege nke za gisirikari nibwo Mu 1941 ingabo z’Ubudage zaje gutabara Mussolini mu gihe igisirikari cyari kigiye kumuhirika ku butegetsi kuko yari ashoye igihugu mu ntambara abaturage batabishaka.
Guhera aha nibwo imperuka ya Mussolini yagaragaye biturutse ku Itsindwa ry’Abataliyani.
Mu 1942 , mu nama yabereye mu mujyi wa Casablanca , Winston Churchill na Franklin D. Rosevelt bafashe icyemezo cyo kuvana Ubutaliyani mu ntambara, n’Ubudage babutegeka gukura ingabo za bwo zari mu birindiro byo mu burasirazuba aho barwanyaga ibihugu byo mu muryango w’ubumwe bw’abasoviyete.
Kuva ubwo Mussolini ningabo ze batangiye kumererwa nabi bashyirwaho igitutu ndetse ategekwa kwegura anafatwa mpiri ariko atabarwa n’umukomando w’umudage.
Kuva ubwo Mussolini yimuriye guverinoma ye mu majyaruguru yUbutaliyani yizeye ko ariho ashobora kongera kubonera imbaraga.
Benito Mussolini numugore we na bamwe mu nkoramutima ze bo mu ishyaka rya Fascist bishwe baminitswe imbere yimbaga.
Mu 1944 umujyi wa Roma wari umaze kwigarurirwa n’ingabo zishyize hamwe bigera naho zifata Ubutaliyani bwose.
Mussolini n’umugore we Claretta Petacci bagerageje gucikira mu Busuwisi ariko tariki 27 Mata 1945 baza gutabwa muri yombi ningabo zAbataliyani.
Umunsi wakurikiyeho Mussolini n’umugore we barishwe imirambo yabo imanikwa mu rubuga rwo mu mujyi wa Milan abaturage benshi bo mu Butaliyani baza kureba bishimye.
Mussolini wari warasezeranyije abaturage be kuzagura igihugu kikongera kungana nk’uko cyanganaga ku bwami bw’Abaromani, ahubwo byarangiye agishoye mu ntambara nagahinda gakabije.
Hari amagambo uyu mugabo yasize avuze kugeza na nubu afatwa nkakomeye cyane.
Urugero ni nkaya:
*Demokarasi ni nziza mu mvugo ariko mu bikorwa n”amayobera cyangwa se n’uburyo bwo kuyobya abo ayubora.
*Ni ikimwaro gukomeza gufatira amaboko yacu mu mugongo mu gihe ayabandi arimo kwandika amateka.
*Ikingenzi ni intsinzi, kugira ngo abantu babe ibihangange ni ngombwa kubashora mu ntambara kabone niyo waba ugomba kubatera imigeri ku bibuno kugira ngo bayigemo , ibi kandi nibyo nzakora
*Ibintu byose bigomba kuba ibya Leta, nta kintu kigomba kuba hanze ya Leta , nta numuntu ugomba kunyuranya na Leta.
Mu ntambara ya kabiri y’isi uyu mugabo yongereye imbaraga ze cyane , gusa ntibyaje kumuhira kuko ijya kurangira yishwe n’abaturage be tariki 28 Mata 1945, bamwicana n’umugore n’izindi nshuti ze , bicirwa ahitwa Mazzegra mu Butaliyani babica babamanitse.
Nyuma yo kwicwa muri Mata 1945, umurambo wa Nyakwigendera Mussolini n’inshoreke ye, Claretta Petacci na bamwe mu bo mu ishyaka rye, yajyanywe mu Mujyi wa Milan aho bamanitswe ku karubanda bacuramye.
Abaturage benshi barashungereye batangira kubatera amabuye n’ibindi bikorwa byagashinyaguro byagaragazaga umujinya bari bafitiye Mussolini.
Nyuma gato umurambo wa Mussolini washyinguwe mu irimbi ryahitwa Mosocco ariko uza kwibwa n’abayoboke b’ishyaka ryaba-Fascist, Mussolini yabarizwagamo, gusa nyuma waje kongera kwisubizwa n’ubuyobozi ndetse buwuhisha imyaka igera kuri 11 mbere yuko uhabwa umuryango we ushyingurwa mu rugo rwe ruherereye mu Mujyi wa Predappio.
Leta ni Mussolini , abandi ntacyo bavuze, kubwe ni cyo kizere yihaga akagiha n’abaturage ayoboye.
Operasiyo Oak: Hitler yakuye mu menyo ya rubamba Mussolini mu buryo butangaje
Igitero cyiswe Oak cyangwa Gran Sasso ni igitero cyateguwe n’Ubudage ku busabe bwa Adolf Hilter wari uyoboye iki gihugu kuwa 12 Nzeri 1943 hagamijwe gufunguza Minisitiri w’Intebe w’Ubutaliyani, Benito Mussolini wari ufungiwe mu misozi iri ku butumburuke bwa metero 2,912.
Mu ijoro ryo kuwa 24 rishyira 25 Nyakanga 1943, Ishyaka rya Fascist ryafashe icyemezo cyo kwambura ikizere Mussolini. Ni nyuma y’iraswa n’iterwa ry’agace ka Sicily n’iraswa ry’amabombe ku Mujyi wa Roma. Uyu munsi ni nabwo Umwami w’Ubutaliyani, Victor Emmanuel wa III yategetse ko Mussolini wari Minisitiri w’Intebe afungwa. Uyu yahise asimbuzwa Marshal, Pietro Badoglio.
Mussolini yahise ajya gufungirwa mu misozi miremire ya Abris aho bigoye kugaba igitero keretse hakoreshejwe indege cyangwa imodoka zigendera ku migozi. Izi nazo byarashobokaga ko zakomwa mu nkokora n’ikirere kibi cyabaga muri ibi bice.
Mussolini ariko yari yabanje gufungirwa ahitwa Ponza na La Madalena. Igisirikare cy’Abadage cyakoresheje amakuru ya kode za radio ya gisirikare cy’Abataliyani kimenya neza ko Mussolini afungiwe ku gasozi karekare ka Gran Sasso, muri Hoteli ya Campo Imperatore, ibirometero 120 mu majyaruguru y’iburasirazuba bw’Umurwa Mukuru wa Roma.
Icyemezo cyo gufunguza Mussolini n’ubwo byari bigoye
Hitler we ubwe ni we wategetse ko inshuti ye Mussolini yafungurwa n’igisirikare cy’Ubudage. Ni igitero cyateguwe na Maj. Herald Mors kimaze kwemezwa na Gen. Kurt Student.
Muri ibi bihe by’intambara ya Kabiri y’Isi, Ubutaliyani bwari bushyigikiye Ubudage. Gufunga Mussolini byari bivuze gutakaza umusangirangendo w’urugamba, ibintu Hitler atari kwemera. Ibi byatumye asaba ingabo zirwanira mu kirere gutegura igitero.
Nyuma yo kumva ko Mussolini yahiritswe ku butegetsi, ngo Hitler yagize ati: “ Umunsi nzakandagira mu Butaliyani, uwagize uruhare muri icyo gikorwa cy’ishyano wese azabiryozwa. Mussolini nta mwanya afite muri gereza. Tugomba kumubohora.”
Ingabo zari ziyobowe na kabuhariwe mu bitero by’ibanga Captain Otto Skorzeny zatangiye kwitegura gushyira mu bikorwa igitero.
Hafashwe umwanzuro ko itsinda rito ry’ingabo kabuhariwe z’Abadage (SS) zipakira mu ndege zikerekeza mu ruhererekane rw’imisozi, ubundi zikamanukira mu mitaka, zerekeza ku gasozi ka Gran Sasso.
Capt. Sarkozeny yahawe amakuru n’indege z’intasi z’Abadage zari zatangiye kuzenguruka muri iyo misozi kuwa 10 Nzeri ko Mussolini ari aho afungiye. Bifashishije ahari urwuri rwari hafi aho, abandi bagana ku kabuga gato k’indege ka Akila, ahagombaga kuza indege itwara Mussolini imwerekeza mu Budage.
Nta kwibeshya na guke kwari kwemewe
Iki gitero kubera ko cyaberaga mu kindi gihugu rwagati, byasabaga imimbare ihambaye ku ikoreshwa ry’igihe. Ikindi ni uko imiterere y’ahagabwa igitero hari ahantu habi hahanamye, ibintu byatumye iki gitero ku munsi cyabereyeho, cyari kigijweho inyuma iminsi ibiri biturutse ku kirere kibi ku wakoresha indege n’imitaka.
N’ubwo ari uko babibaze, mu tudege duto 12 bari bavanye mu Budage, tune ntiwageze mu misozi ya Abris.
Irasana ry’impande zombi
Capt. Sarkozeny wo muri SS nk’uko Wikipedia ibitangaza, yabanje guhamagara umuyobozi w’abarinzi basaga ijana bari aho Mussolini afungiwe, amusaba gutekereza kabiri. Yamusabye niba yumva yarwana cyangwa babireka, bagatanga Mussolini nta kurasana kubayeho.
Uroye nta kurasana guhambaye kwabayeho kuko hapfuye abasirikare b’Abataliyani babiri gusa muri 200 bari bahawe akazi ko kurinda hoteli (100) ndetse n’inzira ziyerekezaho (100). Ni mu gihe abahakomerekeye ku ruhande rw’Abadage ari 10. Fernando Soleti wari uyoboye abarinzi yageze aho ababwira ko bareka kurasa ibyo bituma hataba imirwano. Uyu yaje no guhungana na Capt. sarkozeny.
Havuze amasasu mu duce tumwe na tumwe mu gisa n’imirwano gusa byarangiye Mussolini abohojwe nta rindi sasu ryongeye kuvuga. Bamwe mu basirikare b’Abataliyani bagaragaye ahubwo nyuma bifotozanya n’aba Badage bari babateye ndetse bamwe banasangira imivinyo, nyuma barahaguruka bisubirira i Berlini mu Budage.
Kuwa 15 Nzeri 1943 Capt. Serkozeny yari agejeje Musssolini mu Budage mu birindiro bya Hitler byari hafi ya Rastenburg. Uyu yambitswe imidari y’ishimwe ku bw’iki gikorwa.
Ifungurwa rya Mussolini ryatumye abari bamufunze bagwa mu kantu gusa nanone benshi bavuze amangambure kubera ubuhanga cyateguranwe ndetse n’uko cyakozwe.
Uwari Minisitiri w’Intebe w’Ubwongereza icyo gihe, Winston Churchill yavuze ko iki ari kimwe mu bitero bihambaye by’umurava n’amayeri mu bibayeho mu isi. Uyu yavugaga ibi mu gihe yari ku ruhande rw’Ingabo Zishyize hamwe ngo zirwanye Abanazi ba Hitler.
