Rimwe na rimwe biba byiza iyo usubiye inyuma ukamenya amateka meza ndetse ntiwibagirwe n’ashaririye y’igihugu cyawe. Akenshi kandi biba byiza iyo amwe muri ayo mateka asigasiwe cyangwa akabungwabungwa mu buryo bwiza dore ko bifasha benshi kumenya imizi y’ibyo babona uyu munsi bityo bakitanga ndetse bakanirinda ko bimwe mu bibi byakongera kubagwirira.
Mu kiganiro ubumenyi bw’isi, uyu munsi twaguteguriye urutonde rwa zimwe mu nzara zikomeye zigeze kuyogoza isi ndetse zigahitana abatari bake n’inyndiko twateguye twifashishije imbuga zitandukanye nka Wikipedia, inyandiko z’abanditsi n’abashakashatsi ku mateka nka Voltaire ndetse n’abandi benshi.
Burya amateka ya buri gihugu agirwa n’ibintu byinshi bitandukanye ibyiza n’ibibi ariko habaho ibitakwibagirana na rimwe .
Inzara ni kimwe mu byorezo byagiye biba icyago gikomeye ku isi ndetse kigahitana umubare munini w’abantu mu bihe bitandukanye.
Iyo uvuze inzara nk’icyago mu Rwanda , abakiri bato ntibabyumva uretse ko n’abakuru batabivugaho rumwe ,icyo abenshi bahurizaho ni Inzara yiswe Ruzagayura yabayeho mbere y’itangira rya Repubulika ya mbere mu Rwanda ahagana mu mwaka wa 1959, igahitana abatari bake ndetse abandi bagahunga ibice bari batuyemo.
Muri rusange mu isi hari ibihugu byakunze kwibasirwa ku buryo bukomeye n’inzara ndetse bisa naho inzara yagiye ibabera umushyitsi ugenda ugaruka mu bihe binyuranye.
Kimwe n’indi migabane Uburayi nabwo ntibwasibye kwibasirwa n’iki cyago, urebye muri rusange nawo wakunze kwibasirwa inshuro nyinshi n’inzara mu bice bitandukanye.
Ibihugu by’Ubufaransa, Ubushinwa, Ubwongereza na Mexico biza ku isonga mu byo inzara yagiye itera ubudasiba.
Inzara mu Gihugu cy’Ubufaransa
Ahagana mu myaka ya 859 kugeza muri 860, haguye urubura rukomeye maze rwangiza ibihingwa byose kuva ubwo hakurikira inzara yahitanye abatagira umubare.
Nyuma yaho gato muri 874 kugeza muri 875, habaye icyorezo gikomeye maze iyo nzara ihitana abarenga 1/3 cy’abaturage bose, abarenga miliyoni ebyiri bahasiga ubuzima.
Mu myaka ya 1097, 1528, 1650–1652, hagiye haba inzara zikomeye zagiye ziterwa n’urubura ndetse n’intambara ariko iya hitanye abantu benshi ni iyo mu mwaka wa 1693–1694 aho yahitanye abagera kuri miliyoni ebyiri n’ibihumbi magana abiri.
Mu mwaka wa 1709, iki gihugu cyongeye kwibasirwa n’inzara yahitanye abasaga 600,000.
Inzara yanyuma iheruka muri iki gihugu yabaye mu mwaka wa 1788, aho yatewe n’iruka ry’ikirunga cya Lakagígar , usibye ko hari ibitabo bimwe na bimwe bivuga ko yaba yaratewe n’imyuzure bivugwa ko yaturutse ku muyaga wa El Niño.
Kubera ubukana iyi nzara yari yadukanye yatumye habaho impinduramatwara mu gihugu cy’ubufaransa.
Inzara mu gihugu cy’Ubushinwa
Ubushinwa bwagiye bwibasirwa n’inzara zikomeye mu mateka nk’iyo mu mwaka wa 875 aho iyi nzara ikaba yakurikiwe no kwigaragambya gukomeye kw’abaturage, indi nzara ikomeye yabayeho muri iki gihugu ni iyadutse hagati y’umwaka wa 1333–1337.
Nyuma hafi y’imyaka Magana atatu mu myaka ya 1630–1631 hateye inzara iteye ubwoba ihitana abasaga miliyoni ebyiri ndetse iyi nzara niyo yatumwe ingoma izwi cyane ya Ming isenyuka muri 1644.
Mu myaka ya 1810, 1811, 1846 na 1849 bahayeho inzara yahitanye abashinwa basaga 45,000,000 bivugwa ko ari kimwe mu byago bikomeye cyane byabayeho mu mateka y’ubushinwa.
Hagati y’umwaka wa 1850-1873 habayeho Amapfa n’inzara bikomeye cyane mu gihugu yatewe n’intambara yaturutse ku bushyamirane bwabaye hagati y’abari bagize ingoma ya Taiping, n’abashakaga kugarura ingoma ya Ming, iyi nzara ikaba yarahitanye abashinwa barenga 60.000.000.
Inzara yo muri 1907, 1911, yamaze imyaka itanu nayo abashinwa ntibayibagirwa ndetse n’isi muri rusange kuko yahitanye abantu barenga gato
25,000,000.
Mu mwaka wa 1928–1930, hongeye kwaduka inzara ihitana 3,000,000, nyuma yaho gato mu mwaka wa 1936 indi nzara yishe abashinwa 5,000,000 Inzara mbi abashinwa baheruka nk’uko byemezwa n’ikigo cy’igihugu cy’ibarurishamibare mu bushinwa ni iyahitanye abantu 15,000,000 yabaye mu mwaka wa 1959–1961.
Inzara mu gihugu cy’ubuhinde
Amateka agaragaza ko inzara ya mbere yazahaje igihugu cy’ubuhinde ari iyabaye mu myaka ya1022, 1033, 1052 aho yasize itsembyeho abantu bose mu ntara z’ibyaro ariko by’umwihariko Hindustan.
Indi nzara itoroshye yadutse ahagana muri 1344–1345 ihitana abatari bake,Mu myaka ya 1396–1407 hateye inzara bise Durga Devi iyi nayo iyo abahinde bayibutse bakuka imitima, Mu myaka yakurikiye nko muri 1661 na 1669 habayeho inzara zahitanye benshi ariko iyabaye mu mwaka 1702–1704, mu bice bya Deccan yahitanye abasaga 1,500,000 Inzara abahinde bahora batekerezaho ni inzara y’i Bengale muri 1770 aho abarenga Miliyoni 15 bapfuye, ni ukuvuga ngo umuturage umwe muri batatu mu gihugu barapfuye icyo gihe.
Nyuma y’imyaka mike 1983 hadutse indi nzara bise Chalisa ihitana abarenga 11,000,000 Mu mwaka 1866, mu ntara ya Orissa hateye inzara ihitana 1.000.000 , Inzara yabaye mu mwaka wa 1869 ikibasira ibice bya Rajputana yahitanye abarenga miliyoni imwe n’igice.
Inzara mu gihugu cy’Ubwongereza
Igihugu cy’ubwongereza cyagiye cyibasirwa n’inzara mu bihe bitandukanye ariko nko mu mwaka wa 1235, mu mujyi wa London, honyine yapfuye abasaga ibihumbi magana abiri kubera inzara.
Mu mwaka wa 1586, igihugu cyatewe n’inzara ikomeye bituma abayobozi bahaguruka botora amategeko arengera abakene, inzara yakomeje kujya ibazahaza maze mu mwaka ya 1649, 1727 aho ubuzima bw’abatari bake bwagiye buhatikirira.
Inzara mu Gihugu cy’Uburusiya
Mu myaka ya 1601 na 1603 igihugu cyibasiwe n’inzara yavuzaga ubuhuha kugeza ubwo abarenga miliyoni eshatu ibahitanye mu murwa mukuru hapfuye abantu 100.000 ndetse iyi nzara yica 1/3 by’abatuye Godounov, ndetse ½ cy’abaturage ba Estonie.
Mu myaka ya 1891–1892 inzara yadutse yahitanye ubuzima bw’ababarirwa hagati ya 375.000 na 500.000.
Amateka inzara ifite mu isi ni maremare cyane kuko nta mugabane itagezeho ndetse nta gihugu itinjiramo cyane ko itabisabira uburenganzira, uzasanga nahari hagoye ko yahinjira abantu ubwabo aribo bayikingurira nko mu buryo bw’intambara, kwangiza ibidukikije n’ibindi bikorwa by’ikiremwa muntu.
Amateka agaraza ko umugabane w’Uburayi n’Aziya arimwe mu yagiye yibasirwa n’ibyorezo cyane.
Ku mugabane w’Amerika ibihugu byagiye byibasirwa cyane ni Mexico n’icyitwa USA y’ubu cyangwa se leta zunze ubumwe z’Abanyamerika.
Ku mugabane w’ Afurika ibihugu byakunze kwibasirwa ni Etiyopiya, Misiri, Maroke, Tuniziya, ibirwa bya Cap Vert ibihugu byo mu Burengerazuba bw’Afurika ndetse n’icyahoze cyitwa Rwanda-Urundi ubu cyavutsemo ibihugu by’u Rwanda n’Uburundi.
Amateka inzara ifite mu isi ni maremare cyane kuko nta mugabane ihezwaho ndetse nta gihugu itinjiramo cyane ko idasaba Visa ahenshi, nahari hagowe ko ihinjira abantu ubwabo nibo bayikingurira mu buryo bw’intambara, kwangiza ibidukikije n’ibindi.Amteka agaraza ko umugabane w’uburayi wose wagiye wibasirwa n’icyorezo cy’inzara cyane ndetse n’Asiya.
Mu Rwanda n’Uburundi hagiye hibasirwa n’inzara zikomeye abaturage bagasuhukira mu bihugu bituranyi cyane cyane RDC Congo.
Kugeza ubu biragoranye ko icyorezo nk’iki cyakongera kwibasira isi ngo cyice benshi ahanini bitewe no kwibumbira mu miryango itandukanye byagiye bikorwa na bimwe mu bihugu nk’uburyo bwo kwishinganisha mu gihe cy’ibyago.
